Part5で「The manager reviewed the proposal and approved it」と「The manager reviewed and approved the proposal」のような表現で、どちらがより自然か迷ったことはありませんか?
「同じ意味だから、どっちでもいいんじゃない?」「ビジネス文書ではどちらが適切?」と悩んでしまう方も多いでしょう。
実は、これらは**文法的結束(Grammatical Cohesion)**という言語学的概念に基づく表現で、照応や省略によって文章の流れと簡潔性を高めます。
今回は、TOEIC Part5で最上級レベルの差がつく文法的結束を、照応・省略による簡潔な文章作成テクニックで完全にマスターしていきましょう。
文法的結束の基本を理解しよう
まず、文法的結束とは何かを整理しましょう。
文法的結束とは、文と文、句と句を文法的手段によって結びつけ、文章全体の統一性を保つ技法です。 日常生活で例えると、「田中さんは来た。彼は資料を持参した。」の「彼」が「田中さん」を指すような繋がりです。
基本的な結束手段:
- 照応(Reference):代名詞・指示語による前方参照
- 省略(Ellipsis):重複要素の省略による簡潔化
- 代用(Substitution):類似要素の代替表現
重要なのは、自然で効率的な文章の流れを作ることです。
Part5での出題パターン
文法的結束は、Part5で年間約2-3問出題される最上級文法分野です。
主な出題パターンは以下の3つです。
パターン1:照応関係の適切性
代名詞や指示語の適切な使用を問う問題です。
例題:
The new policy was announced yesterday. _____ will take effect next month.
(A) It
(B) This
(C) That
(D) One
正解は(A)です。 「new policy」への照応として「It」が適切です。
パターン2:省略の適切性
重複を避ける適切な省略を問う問題です。
パターン3:簡潔性の判断
冗長性を避ける表現選択の問題です。
照応(Reference)による結束
基本概念:既出要素への効率的な参照
人称代名詞による照応
具体的な名詞への参照:
-
The manager reviewed the proposal. He approved it immediately.
- 「manager」→「He」(人称照応)
- 「proposal」→「it」(事物照応)
-
The team completed the project. They exceeded expectations.
- 「team」→「They」(集団照応)
-
Microsoft announced new features. The company will release them next quarter.
- 「Microsoft」→「The company」(言い換え照応)
- 「features」→「them」(複数照応)
指示代名詞による照応
This/That/These/Thoseによる参照:
-
The sales figures are impressive. This improvement shows our strategy is working.
- 「sales figures」→「This improvement」(指示照応)
-
We received three proposals. Those from external vendors need review.
- 「three proposals」→「Those」(限定指示)
-
The meeting was productive. That discussion helped clarify our objectives.
- 「meeting」→「That discussion」(説明的指示)
関係代名詞による照応
Which/That/Whoによる結束:
-
The report, which was completed yesterday, contains valuable insights.
- 非制限的関係節による補足情報
-
Employees who complete training will receive certification.
- 制限的関係節による限定
-
The solution that we proposed has been accepted.
- 制限的関係節による特定
省略(Ellipsis)による結束
基本概念:重複要素の適切な省略
名詞句の省略
重複する名詞句の省略:
1.
**完全形:**The manager reviewed the proposal and the manager approved the proposal.
**省略形:**The manager reviewed the proposal and approved it.
- 二番目の「the manager」を省略
**完全形:**We need to analyze the data and we need to prepare the report.
**省略形:**We need to analyze the data and prepare the report.
- 二番目の「we need to」を省略
**完全形:**The team completed the first phase and the team started the second phase.
**省略形:**The team completed the first phase and started the second.
- 重複要素の効率的省略
動詞句の省略
共通動詞の省略:
1.
**完全形:**She can speak French and she can speak German.
**省略形:**She can speak French and German.
- 共通動詞句の省略
**完全形:**We will review the contract and we will approve the contract if appropriate.
**省略形:**We will review and, if appropriate, approve the contract.
- 複雑な動詞句省略
**完全形:**The system processes data efficiently and the system stores data securely.
**省略形:**The system processes data efficiently and stores it securely.
- 動詞+照応の組み合わせ
前置詞句の省略
共通前置詞句の省略:
1.
**完全形:**The meeting will be held in the conference room and the presentation will be held in the conference room.
**省略形:**The meeting and presentation will be held in the conference room.
- 共通場所の統合
**完全形:**We work on Mondays and we work on Wednesdays.
**省略形:**We work on Mondays and Wednesdays.
- 共通前置詞の省略
代用(Substitution)による結束
基本概念:類似要素の代替表現
One/Onesによる代用
可算名詞の代用:
-
This computer is faster than the old one.
- 「one」= computer(同類代用)
-
We need new printers. The ones we have are outdated.
- 「ones」= printers(複数代用)
-
If you need a pen, I have one here.
- 「one」= pen(同種代用)
So/Not/Suchによる代用
文・句の代用:
-
"Will the project be completed on time?" "I hope so."
- 「so」= the project will be completed on time
-
"Is the system working?" "It appears so."
- 「so」= the system is working
-
The results were better than expected. Such improvement is encouraging.
- 「Such improvement」= the fact that results were better
文法的結束の効果
簡潔で自然な文章の実現
効果1:冗長性の除去
Before(冗長):
The marketing team analyzed the market data. The marketing team found
that the market data shows positive trends. The positive trends indicate
that the market conditions are favorable for our new product launch.
After(結束):
The marketing team analyzed the market data and found that it shows
positive trends. These indicate favorable conditions for our new product launch.
効果2:読みやすさの向上
照応と省略による自然な流れ:
Our company has adopted a new strategy. It focuses on customer satisfaction
and quality improvement. This approach has already shown promising results
in our pilot programs.
効果3:情報の階層化
重要情報の際立たせ:
The quarterly results exceeded expectations. This success reflects our
team's dedication and the effectiveness of our new processes.
よくある間違いパターン
日本人学習者が特に間違えやすいポイントです。
間違い1:照応の曖昧性
❌ The manager met with the client and the consultant. He was satisfied with the discussion. ✅ The manager met with the client and the consultant. The manager was satisfied with the discussion.
「He」が誰を指すか不明確。
間違い2:過度の省略
❌ We analyzed, reviewed, and approved.(何を?) ✅ We analyzed the data, reviewed the findings, and approved the proposal.
必要な情報まで省略。
間違い3:不適切な代名詞
❌ The team submitted their report. This was well-received. ✅ The team submitted their report. It was well-received.
「report」への照応には「it」が適切。
練習問題にチャレンジ
理解度を確認してみましょう。
問題1:The company launched a new product line. _____ has been very successful in the market.
(A) This
(B) It
(C) That
(D) One
どうでしょうか?
正解は(B)です!
「new product line」という具体的な名詞への照応として「It」が最も適切です。
問題2:The manager reviewed the proposal and _____ it to the board.
(A) recommended
(B) he recommended
(C) then recommended
(D) recommendation
正解は(A)です!
主語「manager」の省略により「recommended」が自然で簡潔です。
実戦での判断テクニック
本番で素早く判断する方法です。
テクニック1:照応先確認
- 代名詞の照応先を特定(1秒)
- 距離と明確性確認(1秒)
- 文法的一致確認(1秒)
テクニック2:省略可能性判断
省略可能な要素:
- 重複する主語
- 共通する動詞
- 同じ前置詞句
テクニック3:簡潔性評価
より簡潔で自然な表現を選択:
- 不必要な繰り返し回避
- 自然な情報の流れ
- 読みやすさの確保
ビジネス文脈での文法的結束
実際のビジネスシーンでの効果的使用例です。
会議議事録
結束的表現:
The marketing team presented their quarterly results. These showed
significant improvement in customer acquisition. The team attributed
this success to their new digital strategy.
提案書作成
簡潔で説得力のある表現:
Our analysis reveals three key opportunities. The first involves
expanding into new markets. This would increase revenue by 20%.
The second focuses on operational efficiency, which could reduce
costs significantly.
進捗報告
効率的な情報伝達:
We completed the first phase ahead of schedule and have begun
the second. This progress puts us on track to finish the entire
project by the original deadline.
高度な結束技法
上級者向けの複雑な結束パターンです。
遠隔照応
離れた要素への照応:
The company announced its new sustainability initiative last month.
After extensive planning and stakeholder consultation, this program
will transform how we operate.
概念照応
抽象的概念への照応:
Sales increased by 15% while costs decreased by 8%. This dual
improvement demonstrates the effectiveness of our strategic changes.
暗示的照応
文脈から推測される照応:
The presentation went smoothly, questions were answered thoroughly,
and feedback was positive. Everyone left satisfied with the outcome.
まとめ
文法的結束は、照応・省略・代用による文章の統一性と簡潔性を実現する最高レベルの表現技法です。
今回紹介したテクニックを理解すれば、Part5での高度な文法問題も確実に解けるようになります。
特に「明確な照応」「適切な省略」「自然な流れ」の3原則は絶対にマスターしてくださいね!